Monday, May 28, 2012
Sunday, November 6, 2011
Effects of Kamdhenu Ark
Effects of Kamdhenu Ark and Active Immunization by Gonadotropin
Releasing Hormone Conjugate (GnRH-BSA) on Gonadosomatic
Indices (GSI) and Sperm Parameters in Male Mus musculus
Javid Ahmad Ganaie, Varsha Gautam, Vinoy Kumar Shrivastava
*
- Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Barkatullah University, Bhopal, India
Abstract
Background: Active immunization against GnRH decreases the secretion of gonadotropins and causes cessation of gonadal function, thereby, inducing infertility. Based
on the immunoenhancing activity of Kamdhenu ark (distilled cow urine), this study
was performed to evaluate its effects on the gonadosomatic indices (GSI) and sperm
parameters in male mice receiving a GnRH contraceptive vaccine.
Methods: Sixty adult male mice of Parke’s strain were divided into three groups of
twenty. Group I served as the controls, while group II was immunized by GnRH-BSA
conjugate (50/0.2/35 µg/ml/g BW) by four intraperitoneal injections at different intervals on days 1, 30, 60 and 90. However, group III was supplemented daily by oral
Kamdhenu ark (100 ppm) along with GnRH-BSA immunizations. The animals were
sacrificed after 30, 60, 90 and 120 days and their testis and epididymis were dissected
out weighed and semen analysis was performed.
Results: GSI values, sperm motility, sperm count and sperm morphology in male Mus
musculus were decreased significantly in all the experimental groups as compared to
the control group (p<0.01). Kamdhenu ark significantly enhanced the effect of GnRH
vaccine on the aforesaid parameters especially in 90 and 120 days treated groups
(p<0.05).
Conclusion: The changes witnessed in sperm parameters suggested that the GnRHBSA immunization suppressed the activities of gonadotropins and testosterone directly through hypothalamo-hypophysial-gonadal axis and indirectly by acting on the
testes which may modulate the sperm morphology, sperm count and motility. However, Kamdhenu ark seems to have enhanced these effects because of its immunemodulatory properties too.
Keywords: GnRH-BSA, Gonadosomatic indices (GSI), Immunization, Kamdhenu ark, Mus
musculus, Sperm parameters.
To cite this article: Ganaie JA, Gautam V, Shrivastava VK. Effects of Kamdhenu Ark and Active
Immunization by Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Conjugate (GnRH-BSA) on Gonadosomatic Indices
(GSI) and Sperm Parameters in Male Mus musculus. J Reprod Infertil. 2011;12(1):3-7.
Background
onadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) con-
trols the production of gonadotropins, thereby having an orchestrating effect on the reproductive hormone cascade and spermatogenesis (1).
Active immunization against GnRH has successfully suppressed the secretion of gonadotropins
and decreased sperm production, follicular development, ovulation and conception in male and female mammals (2, 3). Vaccination against GnRH
blocks the hypothalamic-pituitary- gonadal axis.
Therefore, it can be used as an alternative for
castration and fertility control in farm animals,
companion animals and wildlife species (4-6).
Application of GnRH vaccination in humans has
been suggested for controlling fertility-related
endocrine disorders and gonadal steroid-dependent diseases (7). Active immunization of adult
animals against GnRH causes the loss of synthesis
and secretion of gonadotropins and cessation of
gonadal function as long as the antibody titers
* Corresponding Author:
Vinoy Kumar Shrivastava,
Endocrinology
Laboratory, Department
of Bioscience, Barkatullah
University, Bhopal (M.P.)
India.
E-mail:
vinoyks2001@yahoo.com
Received: May 9, 2010
Accepted: Aug. 10, 2010 J Reprod Infertil, Vol 12, No 1, Jan/ Mar 2011
JRI Kamdhenu ark and GnRH-BSA immunization
4
remain elevated (8).
It has been reported that cow urine contains all
beneficial elements such as chemical properties,
potentialities and constituents that are capable of
removing all the ill effects and imbalances of
body caused by various infectious agents and
toxicants. In this way, it ensures a protection
against various ailments including the most
dreaded diseases like cancer, diabetes, hepatitis
etc. (9). Kamdhenu ark (distilled cow urine) has
been reported as a strong immunomodulator and
bioenhancer by various researchers (10, 11).
Experimental studies of Rangasamy and Kaliappan revealed the protective effects of cow urine on
haematological, serum biochemical parameters
and immune status of broilers (12).
The present study attempts to evaluate the
effects of GnRH-BSA immunization on gonadosomatic indices (GSI) and sperm parameters in
male mice and to examine the modulatory role of
Kamdhenu ark following the immunization.
Methods
Sixty adult male mice, Mus musculus, of Parke’s
strain (P), weighing 30±5 g were used in the
study. The animals were divided into three groups
of twenty. The mice in Group I served as the
controls, receiving intraperitoneal Phosphate
Buffered Saline (PBS) injections (100 µl) on the
1
st
, 30
th
, 60
th
and 90
th
days, while the mice in
group II were immunized by GnRH-BSA conjugate (50/0.2/35 µg/ml/g BW) (Sigma-Aldrich,
USA) dissolved in 100 µl of phosphate buffered
solution (0.01 N) emulsified with an equal volume
(100 µl) of Freund’s adjuvant (Sigma Aldrich,
USA). GnRH-BSA injections were given intraperitoneally at different intervals, i.e. on days 1
st
,
30
th
, 60
th
and 90
th
However, the mice in group III .
were supplemented with daily Kamdhenu ark
(100 ppm) (Gaytri Shakti Peeth, India) orally
along with the intraperitoneal injections of GnRHBSA. Five animals from each group were
sacrificed in monthly intervals, i.e. on days 30, 60,
90 and 120 and their testes and epididymides were
quickly dissected. The testes were weighed for
observing gonadosomatic indices [gonad weight/
100 g BW], while the epididymides were processed for semen analysis, i.e. sperm motility,
sperm count and morphology by Prasad method
(13). Cauda epididymides were dissected out to
release sperms in normal saline (100 mg tissue/
2 ml N.S.) for sperm suspension. For studying
sperm morphology, Leishman`s stain was used
and the slides were finally observed at 400×
magnification (14).
Statistical Analysis: The collected data were analyzed through one way ANOVA and post-hoc
methods using EZANOVA software. P-values
<0.05 or <0.01 were considered significant while
values <0.001 were considered as highly significant.
Results
GSI values decreased in all the experimental
groups compared to the control group. However,
more significant decrease in GSI was observed in
the group treated by Kamdhenu ark along with
GnRH-BSA, especially in the later part of the
experiment (p<0.01) (Table 1). Moreover, sperm
motility and sperm count significantly decreased
throughout the investigation in all the treated
groups compared to the control group (p<0.01)
(Table 2). However, some mice immunized by
GnRH-BSA + Kamdhenu ark also showed decreased values for sperm motility and count than
the GnRH-BSA immunized groups (p<0.05). The
Table 1. Gonadosomatic indices (GSI) in the experimental and control groups of
male mice, Mus musculus,after different intervals
Group
GSI (gonad weight/100 g BW)
Duration
30 days 60 days 90 days 120 days
Control 0.40 ± 0.02 0.43 ± 0.05 0.50 ± 0.01 0.54 ± 0.04
GnRH-BSA 0.36 ± 0.06 0.30 ± 0.02
a
* 0.23 ± 0.00
a
0.16 ± 0.00
a
GnRH-BSA + KA 0.32±0.03 0.26± 0.01
a
0.19±0.01
ab
0.12±0.00
ab
Mean ± SEM of five animals (Accuracy of calculation up to two decimal digits)
a
= Significant difference with the controls in the same column (p< 0.01)
b
= Significant difference with GnRH-BSA groups in the same column (p< 0.01)
* = Significant differences (p< 0.05) J Reprod Infertil, Vol 12, No 1, Jan/ Mar 2011
Ganaie JA, et al. JRI
5
percentage of morphologically normal sperm decreased significantly with increased percentage of
abnormal forms of sperms, i.e. pin head, large
head, oval head, double head, head less, bent
neck, looping mid piece, coiled-tail, double-tailed,
tailless in all the experimental groups as compared
to the control group (p<0.01) (Table 3, Figure 1).
Moreover, some significant alterations in normal
sperm morphology, such as large head, headless
and pin head sperm were also observed in GnRHBSA + Kamdhenu ark treated group when compared with GnRH-BSA, especially in the later part
of the experiment (p<0.01).
Discussion
The endocrine effects of active immunization
against GnRH have been studied in a variety of
young adult male and female animals (15-17).
Experimental studies have demonstrated decreases in gonadotropins, sperm production,
follicular development, ovulation and conception
after immunization against GnRH, chemically
conjugated to a carrier protein. GnRH immuneization affected sperm motility and sperm counts
in ram lambs, boars and colts (18, 19). Several
other experimental studies have revealed the
deleterious effects of immunization against GnRH
on different sperm parameters in rats, bulls,
stallions, cats and dogs (20-24).
Cow urine has been tested for its immunomodulatory properties that enhance both cellular
and humoral immune responses (25, 26). Kamdhenu ark (distilled cow urine) has been reported to
increase the humoral immunity in rats (27).
Chauhan et al., (2004) observed that Kamdhenu
ark may modulate the immune responses because
it increases the secretion of interleukin-1 and 2
Table 2. Sperm motility and sperm count in the experimental and control groups of male mice, Mus musculus, after
different intervals
Parameters Group
Duration
30 days 60 days 90 days 120 days
Sperm Motility (%)
Control 59.00±4.33 63.76±2.77 65.05±2.31 69.60±3.19
GnRH-BSA 39.40±3.81
a
21.56±1.36
a
13.00±2.11
a
9.40±1.14
a
GnRH-BSA+ KA 33.80±1.72
a
17.06±1.00
ab
* 10.46±1.65
a
7.16±0.95
a
Sperm Count (million/ml)
Control 62.00±3.18 68.60±2.10 75.50±3.76 78.00±2.11
GnRH-BSA 49.10±2.65
a
35.22±3.21
a
21.00±2.20
a
16.42±1.78
a
GnRH-BSA + KA 44.18±2.82
a
26.12±2.00
ab
* 18.30±1.90
a
12.34±1.10
ab
*
Mean ± SEM of five animals (Accuracy of calculation up to two decimal digits)
a
= Significant difference with the controls in the same column (p< 0.01)
b
= Significant difference with the GnRH-BSA groups in the same column (p< 0.01)
* = Significant differences (p< 0.05)
Figure 1. Normal morphological sperm forms in the controls
(A) and morphologically abnormal sperms after GnRH-BSA
and Kamdhenu ark along with GnRH-BSA administration (BI) in male Mus musculus. J Reprod Infertil, Vol 12, No 1, Jan/ Mar 2011
JRI Kamdhenu ark and GnRH-BSA immunization
6
(28). Recently, Ganaie and Shrivastava reported
the modulatory effects of Kamdhenu ark on
GnRH-BSA immunization in female mice (29).
In corroboration to above studies, our study also
revealed that GnRH-BSA immunization significantly decreased the values of GSI, sperm motility, count and morphology in male Mus musculus.
The aforesaid parameters diminished more significantly in the group supplemented with Kamdhenu
ark along with GnRH-BSA immunization. All
these changes in GSI and sperm parameters
suggested that GnRH-BSA immunization could
have directly suppressed the activities of gonadotropins and testosterone through hypothalamohypophysial-gonadal axis or might have indirectly
affected the testicular tissue. However, more
significant decreases in the parameters after
Kamdhenu ark supplementation may be because
of its modulatory and bioenhancing properties.
Acknowledgement
The authors gratefully acknowledge the help and
financial support of Professor Meenakshi Benerjee, the head of Department of Biosciences,
Barkatullah University, Bhopal (M.P), India.
References
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hormone (LH)-releasing hormone: chronic effects
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Table 3. Percentage of normal and abnormal sperm morphology in the experimental and control groups of male mice, Mus musculus, after different intervals
Days Groups
Normal
(%)
Abnormal (%)
Pin head
Large
head
Oval
head
Double
head
Head less Bent neck
Looping
mid piece
Coiled tail
Double
tailed
Tail-less
30
Control 58.44±2.12 5.0±0.35 1.0±0.35 4.0±0.79 1.2±0.65 4.0±1.17 3.0±0.86 4.4±1.60 1.6±0.30 0.0±0.0 2.5±1.00
GnRHBSA
27.77±0.78
a
8.4±1.03 5.0±0.79 5.80±1.29 2.2±0.74 5.8±1.08 6.4±1.03 6.2±0.65 2.4±0.75 2.2±0.96 5.4±1.15
GnRHBSA+ KA
24.00±1.22
ab*
7.6±0.57 4.20±0.65 6.4±1.03 2.4±0.75 8.6±0.90 5.6±1.3 6.5±2.19 1.80±0.24 1.66±0.51 2.5±0.75
60
Control 64.00±1.41 5.4±0.57 4.2±0.65 3.4±0.57 0.60±0.00 5.0±1.36 3.4±0.57 4.2±0.65 2.5±0.55 1.33±0.51 0.80±0.14
GnRHBSA
23.20±1.16 a 11.2±0.65 10.20±1.74 7.20±0.50 2.60±0.90 7.80±0.65 9.4±1.15 10.80±1.38 4.0±0.70 2.00±0.00 3.5±0.87
GnRHBSA+ KA
20.65±0.94 a 10.80±0.45 6.4±0.59 7.4±0.90 0.00±0.00 11.80±1.43 10.00±1.76 9.60±0.51 2.50±0.48 3.0±1.11 5.80±2.38
90
Control 67.10±1.74 4.5±0.65 2.60±1.03 2.2±0.41 0.00±0.00 3.401.71 2.60±0.90 1.60±0.83 0.00±0.00 2.60±1.03 1.0±0.21
GnRHBSA
14.24±0.48 a 13.60±1.15 5.80±0.93 6.0±1.00 1.20±0.65 10.40±0.75 12.0±0.79 17.80±1.94 2.50±1.15 1.0±0.25 8.0±0.65
GnRHBSA+ KA
12.72±0.23 ab 13.20±1.19 8.80±0.96 5.80±1.55 2.2±0.96 13.40±1.03 9.5±2.07 10.80±1.29 3.0±0.79 2.5±0.83 11.0±1.76
120
Control 72.00±1.66 2.60±0.41 2.20±0.39 1.0±0.50 0.00±0.00 2.80±1.29 1.20±0.54 2.0±0.44 1.00±0.00 0.00±0.00 2.5±1.15
GnRHBSA
10.33±0.25
a
12.80±1.55 7.00±0.79 6.00±0.79 2.80±0.96 16.00±1.36 17.20±0.96 20.60±1.95 5.00±1.11 2.80±0.41 9.50±1.68
GnRHBSA+ KA
7.95±0.40
ab
14.60±1.03 11.00±0.79 7.20±0.82 3.80±0.96 17.60±1.07 15.00±1.83 14.25±2.21 4.60±1.15 4.0±1.17 12.50±0.65
Mean ± SEM of five animals (Accuracy of calculation up to two decimal digits)
a = Significant difference with the controls in the same column (p< 0.01)
b = Significant difference with GnRH-BSA groups in the same column (p< 0.01)
* = Significant differences (p< 0.05) J Reprod Infertil, Vol 12, No 1, Jan/ Mar 2011
Ganaie JA, et al. JRI
7
7. Simms MS, Scholfield DP, Jacobs E, Michaeli D,
Broome P, Humphreys JE, et al. Anti-GnRH antibodies can induce castrate levels of testosterone in
patients with advanced prostate cancer. Br J Cancer.
2000;83(4):443-6.
8. Kumar N, Savage T, DeJesus W, Tsong YY, Didolkar A, Sundaram K. Chronic toxicity and reversibility of antifertility effect of immunization against
gonadotropin-releasing hormone in male rats and
rabbits. Toxicol Sci. 2000;53(1):92-9.
9. Bhadauria H. Gomutra-Ek Chamatkari Aushadhi
(Cow urine- A Magical therapy). Vish Ayur Patrika.
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10. Chauhan RS, Singh BP, Singhal LK. Immunomodulation with kamdhenu ark in mice. J Immunol
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11. Garg N, Chauhan RS, Kumar A. Assessing the
effect of cow urine on immunity of white leghorn
layers. International Society for Animal Hugges
(ISAH). 2005;2:81-3.
12. Mathivanan R, Kalaiarasi K. Panchagavya and
Andrographis paniculata as alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters on haematological, serum
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broilers. J Poult Sci. 2007;44(2):198-204.
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under normal and altered physiologic conditions.
Fertil Steril. 1972;23(3):186-90.
14. Highland HN, Rao MV, Chinoy NJ, Shah VC. Analysis of the functional and nuclear integrity of
human spermatozoa. Int J Fertil. 1991;36(1):43-7.
15. Esbenshade KL, Britt JH. Active immunization of
gilts against gonadotropin-releasing hormone: effects on secretion of gonadotropins, reproductive
function, and responses to agonists of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Biol Reprod. 1985;33
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16. Johnson HE, DeAvila DM, Chang CF, Reeves JJ.
Active immunization of heifers against luteinizing
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17. Meloen RH, Turkstra JA, Lankhof H, Puijk WC,
Schaaper WM, Dijkstra G, et al. Efficient immunecastration of male piglets by immunoneutralization
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20. McLachlan RI, Wreford NG, Tsonis C, De Kretser
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21. Cook RB, Popp JD, Kastelic JP, Robbins S, Harland R. The effects of active immunization against
gnRH on testicular development, feedlot performance, and carcass characteristics of beef bulls. J
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22. Janett F, Stump R, Burger D, Thun R. Suppression
of testicular function and sexual behavior by vaccination against GnRH (Equity) in the adult stallion. Anim Reprod Sci. 2009;115(1-4):88-102.
23. Levy JK, Miller LA, Cynda Crawford P, Ritchey
JW, Ross MK, Fagerstone KA. GnRH immunecontraception of male cats. Theriogenology. 2004;
62(6):1116-30.
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Fagerstone KA. GnRH immunocontraception in
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(1-2):104-6.
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Effect of cow urine on interleukin-1 and 2. J
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29. Ganaie JA, Shrivastava VK. Effects of gonadotropin releasing hormone conjugate immunization
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Monday, May 9, 2011
About Cancer Treatment
About Cancer Treatment
Jorge Valdés Romo , Said about her wife
Gopa's Pita Ji wrote:
Dear Doctor:
Patiente Name: María Skarica Zúñiga.
On 18th August I sent info regarding the improving conditions of Maria after following the treatment after surgery. End October has been taken Thoracic X-ray, Ultrasound and Mammography.
Yesterday we showed the reports to the Doctor and he found them so good that he indicated a new control after 6 months. And he reduced the calcium dosage to one time every three months injection.
You may imagine how happy we are. She feel healthy and without any side-effect of medicines or symptoms of cancer, osteoporosis or any other sickness.
Our consultation now is medicines and in which dosage should she continue taking according the new reports. We expect anxiously your reply.
Greeting you attentively,
Jorge Valdes Romo.
Santiago - Chile, South America.
Estimado doctor:
Con fecha 18 de agosto recién pasado le informé el estado de María luego de haber seguido sus indicaciones para el tratamiento postoperatorio. A fines de octubre se tomó radiografía de torax, ecotomografía y mamografía, de los que le adjunto copia de sus informes. Ayer le llevamos al médico alópata que le controla estos mismo informes y los encontró tan buenos que le indicó nuevo control en seis meses más y le redujo la dosis de calcio a una vez cada tres meses.
Podrá imaginarse lo contento que estamos. Ella se siente sana y sin ninguna secuela de la enfermedad. Nuestra consulta es qué remedios y en qué cantidad debe continuar tomando de acuerdo al resultado de los informes. Con ansia esperamos su respuesta. Lo saluda muy atentamente.
--
Jorge Valdés Romo
Desde Santiago de Chile - La paciente es María Skarica Zúñiga
Monday, February 14, 2011
Monday, December 27, 2010
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If you have any query/request to book the place please email to info@sevika.org .The contact no is +918018911018 + 919439422804
We have built nice resort in a true natural ways , The place is in Balangir district of Orissa of India . It is quite far away from crowded population and pollution of carbon and noise , The resort is in Mountain Provided with all basic necessity , We will arrange utensils and everything if the Guests wanted to prepare food them-self otherwise we will provide the food twice in a day at the cost of only 1 $ each time , So guest have to pay just 3 $ in a day including food and accommodation , No hidden cost , No tax , no extra charges . Internet Facilities is also provided at an Additional cost . So guest no need to rush to somewhere else to look for the internet . We are encouraging Urban peoples to experience the beauty of village life at a quite affordable price .
We support green technology hence we are in the process to install wind-turbine to generate the electricity instead of depending upon traditional electricity .
This place would be quite suitable for those enthusiastic/writers/thinkers and who wants to get away from city crowded life and really wants to need peace full time with out any disturbance with all basic necessity at affordable price . Nearby the resort there is small Ayurveda free treatment center is also there , Cancer , diabetic and other chronic diseases can be cured at a quite affordable prices .
We have built a nice resort in a true natural way it is located in Bolangir district of Orissa of India , the place is quite far away from crowded population , Per day we charge just 1 $ and 2 $ for food , Internet facility would be available on additional cost . Please come and stay for months together at affordable price .
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400 Words Contents .
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Wednesday, December 1, 2010
HIV & AIDS TREATMENT !
PLZ CONTACT:
KAMDHENU PANCHAGAVYA RESEARCH CENTRE(HOSPITAL),PATNAGARH,ORISSA,INDIA.
MOB.NO- +91 8018911018,9439422804.
HIV & AIDS
What is AIDS?
AIDS stands for: Acquired Immune Deficiency SyndromeAIDS is a medical condition. A person is diagnosed with AIDS when their immune system is too weak to fight off infections.
Since AIDS was first identified in the early 1980s, an unprecedented number of people have been affected by the global AIDS epidemic. Today, there are an estimated 33.3 million people living with HIV and AIDS worldwide.
What causes AIDS?
AIDS is caused by HIV.HIV is a virus that gradually attacks immune system cells. As HIV progressively damages these cells, the body becomes more vulnerable to infections, which it will have difficulty in fighting off. It is at the point of very advanced HIV infection that a person is said to have AIDS. It can be years before HIV has damaged the immune system enough for AIDS to develop.
What are the symptoms of AIDS?
A person is diagnosed with AIDS when they have developed an AIDS related condition or symptom, called an opportunistic infection, or an AIDS related cancer. The infections are called ‘opportunistic’ because they take advantage of the opportunity offered by a weakened immune system.It is possible for someone to be diagnosed with AIDS even if they have not developed an opportunistic infection. AIDS can be diagnosed when the number of immune system cells (CD4 cells) in the blood of an HIV positive person drops below a certain level.
Is there a cure for AIDS?
Worryingly, many people think there is a 'cure' for AIDS - which makes them feel safer, and perhaps take risks that they otherwise wouldn’t. However, there is still no cure for AIDS. The only way to stay safe is to be aware of how HIV is transmitted and how to prevent HIV infection.How many people have died from AIDS?
Since the first cases of AIDS were identified in 1981, more than 25 million people have died from AIDS. An estimated 1.8 million people died as a result of AIDS in 2009 alone.Although there is no cure for AIDS, HIV infection can be prevented, and those living with HIV can take antiretroviral drugs to delay the onset of AIDS. However, in many countries across the world access to prevention and treatment services is limited. Global leaders have pledged to work towards universal access to HIV prevention and care, so that millions of deaths can be averted.
How is AIDS treated?
Antiretroviral treatment can prolong the time between HIV infection and the onset of AIDS. Modern combination therapy is highly effective and someone with HIV who is taking treatment could live for the rest of their life without developing AIDS.
An AIDS diagnosis does not necessarily equate to a death sentence. Many people can still benefit from starting antiretroviral therapy even once they have developed an AIDS defining illness. Better treatment and prevention for opportunistic infections have also helped to improve the quality and length of life for those diagnosed with AIDS.
Treating some opportunistic infections is easier than others. Infections such as herpes zoster and candidiasis of the mouth, throat or vagina, can be managed effectively in most environments. On the other hand, more complex infections such as toxoplasmosis, need advanced medical equipment and infrastructure, which are lacking in many resource-poor areas.
It is also important that treatment is provided for AIDS related pain, which is experienced by almost all people in the very advanced stages of HIV infection.
Why do people still develop AIDS today?
Even though antiretroviral treatment can prevent the onset of AIDS in a person living with HIV, many people are still diagnosed with AIDS today. There are four main reasons for this:- In many resource-poor countries antiretroviral treatment is not widely available. Even in wealthier countries, such as America, many individuals are not covered by health insurance and cannot afford treatment.
- Some people who became infected with HIV in the early years of the epidemic before combination therapy was available, have subsequently developed drug resistance and therefore have limited treatment options.
- Many people are never tested for HIV and only become aware they are infected with the virus once they have developed an AIDS related illness. These people are at a higher risk of mortality, as they tend to respond less well to treatment at this stage.
- Sometimes people taking treatment are unable to adhere to, or tolerate the side effects of drugs.
Caring for a person with AIDS
In the later stages of AIDS, a person will need palliative care and emotional support. In many parts of the world, friends, family and AIDS organisations provide home based care. This is particularly the case in countries with high HIV prevalence and overstretched healthcare systems.End of life care becomes necessary when a person has reached the very final stages of AIDS. At this stage, preparing for death and open discussion about whether a person is going to die often helps in addressing concerns and ensuring final wishes are followed.
The global AIDS epidemic
Around 2.6 million people became infected with HIV in 2009. Sub-Saharan Africa has been hardest hit by the epidemic; in 2009 over two-thirds of AIDS deaths were in this region.Asia, HIV and AIDS causes a greater loss of productivity than any other disease. An adult’s most productive years are also their most reproductive and so many of the age group who have died from AIDS have left children behind. In sub-Saharan Africa the AIDS epidemic has orphaned nearly 15 million children.
In recent years, the response to the epidemic has been intensified; in the past ten years in low- and middle-income countries there has been a 6-fold increase in spending for HIV and AIDS. The number of people on antiretroviral treatment has increased, the annual number of AIDS deaths has declined, and the global percentage of people infected with HIV has stabilised.
However, recent achievements should not lead to complacent attitudes. In all parts of the world, people living with HIV still face AIDS related stigma and discrimination, and many people still cannot access sufficient HIV treatment and care. In America and some countries of Western and Central and Eastern Europe, infection rates are rising, indicating that HIV prevention is just as important now as it ever has been. Prevention efforts that have proved to be effective need to be scaled-up and treatment targets reached. Commitments from national governments right down to the community level need to be intensified and subsequently met, so that one day the world might see an end to the global AIDS epidemic.
Learn more about HIV and AIDS
In addition to the hundreds of informative pages about HIV and AIDS, the AVERT website has interactive ways to learn more about HIV and AIDS.- The AVERT AIDS Game is a great way to see how much you know about HIV and AIDS.
- You can test your knowledge of HIV and AIDS by trying one of our online quizzes.
- Our photo gallery has hundreds of HIV and AIDS related photos from around the world.
- The AVERT video gallery has a number of short videos related to HIV and AIDS.
- Finally, you can read stories that have been sent to us from people who are either living with HIV or who have been affected by HIV and AIDS.
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